Minimum Wages During 21st Century America - 1649 Words

Minimum Wages in 21st Century America In the United States the time has come for the next president to be elected and the political fervor has come early this year with an unconventional, surprisingly interesting primary race. With the coming of a new commander in chief the incessant grilling of the candidates has begun and issues, such as poverty in the United States, are being given the national spot light during debates. The issue of poverty has recently gained traction among citizens as well as politicians, and to the credit of the activists behind the increase in outspoken rhetoric gaining increased traction. When each of the politicians on their respective stages discussed the issue at hand, the validity of the problem heightened. This has created minimum wage as its own political issue, which has moved it away from being a suggestion for a problem into a problem of its own. Minimum wage is a flawed approach to the ever expanding problem of poverty. Actions will be taken to battle poverty, however, minimum wage is not the best direction for America to proceed in. A higher minimum wage does more harm than good, hurting the American economy, increasing the price of needed goods, and raising unemployment. Minimum wage, designed to lower the amount of people below the poverty line, doesn’t deliver the promises bundled along. Raising the minimum wage depends on the idea that mass majority of people who are living under the poverty line depend solely on the revenue obtainedShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s Down And Out Essay2254 Words   |  10 Pages Ever since the 20th century, poverty exists in various of well developed countries, many individuals live under no shelter and suffer starvation. Although having a job can support their basics of living, working many hours also affect their health both mentally and physically. George Orwell, the author of the novel, Down and Out in Paris and London, describes how homelessness and poor working conditions can affect an individual by starving for a long period of time, having no shelter, and workingRead MoreWhat Causes Homelessness? The United States Of America884 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States of America. Homelessness is a state in which people do not have a place to stay in for a period of time and are always spending their time on the streets. From a teenage eluding a bad environment, to an elderly citizen on a fine tuned income that is not enough to cover a rent or the tax increase, to a child whose parents lost their job out of nowhere and became unemployed are what leads to homelessness (â€Å"Homelessness Resource Center† 1). Firstly the minimum wage being one ofRead MoreThe Success Of The City Of Detroit1575 Words   |  7 PagesFirst and biggest factories of automobile manufacturing was opened in several places in Detroit. Detroit became third biggest city in the United States with largest population during 1950s. Automobile manufacturing was the base of Detroit’s economy for decades. However, today its not like it was before. During 20th to 21st century auto industry had many highs and lows but overall had collapsed completely. While Detroit’s officials though that they settled the economy for a long run, the unexpected changeRead MoreChild Labor Laws In the 1800s1462 Words   |  6 Pagesproblem until the Factory System. The Factory System is a working arrangement where a number of people cooperate to produce articles of consumption. Some form of Factory system has existed even since ancient times. In the later part of the 18th century in Britain, owners of cotton mills gathered up orphans and children of poor families all through the country, and had them work for the payment of housing and food. Some children as young as five or six were forced to work from 13 to 16 hours a dayRead MoreThe Role of Government in Business Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesHistory Ever since the colonial times businesses in the United States of America faced business regulations. During the 19th century, when the American economy became more industrialized, and grew to a world power, the federal government passed business laws, that favored social reforms over the interests of big business. In the 20th century government involvement in business continued to expand. So made Roosevelt’s â€Å"New Deal† legislation effectively the federal government the countries largestRead MoreA New Millennium1846 Words   |  8 PagesThis past century, due to the resilience and determination of the American people, our country has experienced more growth and prosperity than any other nation in recorded history. However, dark challenges threaten the moral fiber of this great nation. 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The way someone isRead MoreLabor As An Agent Of Production And The Differences Of Productive Labor And Unproductive Labor1235 Words   |  5 PagesIn this paper, I will discuss labor as an agent of production and the differences of productive labor and unproductive labor. Labor condition will capture slavery to the wages in economy. The labor production has tailored for human use, to use to an operations or positions. When it came to making bread, labor for the baker was equal to the labor for the miller which make the produced for the baker? When it comes to employment for substance such as corn, flour and wheat involves more than one stateRead MoreBrazil : The United States1506 Words   |  7 PagesImmigration) By the 1980’s, only a few thousand arrived yearly. Brazilians are very united and if a family member comes from their country they will allow them to stay with them until they are economically stable to leave on their own. In the 21st century, Afro-Brazilian was an expression that a few Brazilians used to specify Brazilians with African Heritage background. Brazilians with different African features and darker pigment color are identified as Negro or preto (Blacks). Another classificationRead MoreGovernment Politics And Its Effect On The Us On Free Trade Agreements1466 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics are extremely controversial, and 99% of the times, their decisions take multiple negotiations before reaching an actual consensus. This occurs all the times, even now with an agreement called TPA or Trade Promotion Authority that has not just America, but also a large portion of the world divided into two sides. The side that supports it and the side against it. But what is this agreement and what does it do that has created such controversy? In the most general of terms, TPA is when Congress

Analysis Of A Farewell To ArmsBy Ernest Hemingway

Whoever said, War was hell, must have read Ernest Hemingway s A Farewell to Arms. It is a decade defining controversial piece of American Literature. It was not only controversial because Hemingway was a depressed drunkard, but it was controversial because it doesn t glorify war; it shows the brunt reality of the Great War. He provides the evidence of his depression through his writings by allowing his characters to be placed in horrid situations. He also shows his alcoholism this way, by allowing his characters to be alcoholics. For example, in A Farewell to Arms, Frederic Henry used alcohol to get over his pain, which would eventually lead to Henry s jaundice, a lack of liver function, which is a symptom of cirrhosis of the liver,†¦show more content†¦During the second book in the novel, Catherine and Frederic are talking about being married legally through the church. Catherine responds to Frederic stating how he would go on leave to be formally married by saying, You can t get to Scotland and back on a leave. Besides I won t leave you. What good would it do to marry now? We re really married. I couldn t be any more married, (Hemingway 99). This quote shows the sanctity of their relationship because it s just like a marriage. They are so close together, and since they re always together, they are like an old married couple. Rinaldi, a surgeon friend of Frederic, has been caught in the chaos of a front, and he has to do all the major cases in the hospital he works at. He shows how horrid the front is, and how hellish war is by saying, I never think. No, by God, I don t think; I operate, (Hemingway 147). This shows how Rinaldi is what s called a hamburger surgeon. These surgeons just patch up, and they take out what they need to take out. Many of them don t even think, nor do they have bedside manners, they just operate. Around two-thirds into the book, Frederic is captured by his allies, and he is about to be put on trial before a biased judge, who was also the executioner, and right before he was up for trial, Frederic prepared for his escape. The escape is laid out for the audience through this quote, I ducked down, pushed between two men, and ran for the river, my head down. I tripped at the

Mattel Toy Recalls Free Essays

Mattel, Inc. is the largest toy company in the world. This largest toy company in the world was founded by Harold Matson and Elliot Handler in 1945, as they started to produce picture frames. We will write a custom essay sample on Mattel Toy Recalls or any similar topic only for you Order Now However it was Elliott Handler who had a visionary of a side business in dollhouse furniture out of the converted garage (Mattel). As a top company, the primary activities of Mattel are to design, manufacture, and market the toys. As the company’s sales growing slowly, Mattel started to produce varieties of high quality products and became one of the of the best toy companies around the nation at the time. The major move by Mattel was when it sponsored Walt Disney’s Mickey Mouse Club television show that put the company in spotlight and company’s sales increased significantly. That sponsorship of Mickey Mouse Club helped the company to attract a very high proportion of young potential customers. In 1959, the wife of Elliot Handler, Ruth Handler came up with an outstanding idea that changed Mattel forever. As Ruth Handler watched her daughter playing with paper dolls, she suggested the idea of making three dimensional dolls to her husband. Elliott loved the idea of making such dolls and introduced the doll with a full wardrobe and accessories to the market. The doll initially named after the nick name of daughter of Elliott and Ruth. The introduction of the new doll was a huge success for Mattel and immediately the doll became the major product line of Mattel (Finding). With the success of Barbie doll, Mattel was named a public company and ranked soon as one of the largest industrial companies in the United States. In 1968, Mattel have introduced another consumer-loved product called Hot Wheels. This was second biggest hit since the company introduced Barbie. Hot Wheels immediately labeled Mattel as the largest toy company in the world. As the toy industry was changing and new competitors were coming in, Mattel saw a stiff competition rising in the mid 1980s. Like other companies in the toy industry, Mattel faced a stiff from the electronic entertainment. The electronic entertainment introduced many electronical videos games in which children switched to at an increasing young age from the traditional entertainment. To cope up with the competition and attract the new generation, Mattel decided to expand into technology by producing lectronic gaming products. Mattel failed to attract a high proportion of consumers, and were unable to fit in with the new strategy as there were new competitors producing electronic games with lower prices. Later, Mattel decided to focus on producing the core products of the company. This strategy to refocus on the core products and makeover some of the core products was a great success for Mattel. For example , after doing makeover, in 1988 to 1993, the sales of Barbie doll increased to $ 1 Billion dollars from $430 Million dollars (Sansweet). As Mattel is known for making most of its own products in their owned manufacturing facilities, the company owned and operated 10 manufacturing plants worldwide. Half of the manufacturing plants are located in China (Jiangyong). Since Mattel started its business, the company produced its products mostly in developing countries to take the advantage of cheap manufacturing costs. Unlike many toy companies, Mattel produced 70% to 80% of its products in their own manufacturing facilities. The company believed that making products in-house will be more stable and high efficient products. According to Mattel, in-house facilities have high standard safety measures and high quality control that produce high-quality products. Besides making most of its products in Mattel’s own manufacturing facilities, some of its production was outsourced to China and other developing countries in order to focus on domestic strategic efforts such as Research and Development and Marketing. However these outsourcing products were not efficient as products were made in in-house facilities. These outsourcing products were less stable and not as efficient. Many times these products needs to be recalled as they do not meet the safety standards and tend to hurt the image of a well-known organization like Mattel. Therefore, Mattel’s strategy was to focus on making most of its core products at their own manufacturing facilities, and outsource the products that are less popular and non-core. Due to outsourcing to other developing countries, the toy industry faced many hardships. The products that are made in developing countries that had substandard quality control were recalled many times due to the safety reasons. Mattel too faced a stiff pressure from the government and consumers for the products that were not safe and stable which are made in manufacturing facilities in China. Recently, Mattel recalled several of its products because they were not safe for consumers. Recalling millions of products, not only reduced the total revenues of the company, as well as it hurt the company’s image at the same time. Mattel had been always trusted by its consumers for making providing its consumers high-quality products and stable products. The recalls that are connected with lead paint made by Mattel’s lont-time manufacturers. These manufacturers are responsible for not having strong safety regulations and not complying with the quality control within the organization. The manufacturer, Early Light Industrial, was responsible for the second major recall of about 1 million toys. The manufacturer had more than 200 employees to inspect if the contractors were complying with safety regulations, but none of them were stationed on-site to inspect the products. Failure to inspect the products left the company with rooms or errors. In order to understand a company’s situation, financial statements are very important. Financial statements allow you to see the company’s performance, financial condition, and financial trend. By examining financial statements of Mattel, we can clearly foresee where the company is heading financially. Looking at ROA and PM, both ROA and PM increasing year to year from 2005 to 2007 which is very good news for Mattel. Despite the recalls, Mattel’s total revenue is still increasing year to year. These analyses clearly show that Mattel is performing very well in making profits. Some of the key financial highlights of Mattel recorded below: Selected Financial Highlights of Mattel, Inc. : YEAR 2007 2006 2005 Net Sales 5,970. 09 5,650. 16 5179. 02 Cost of Sales 3,192. 79 3,038. 36 2,806. 15 Net Income 599. 9 492. 93 417. 02 Total Assets 4805. 46 4955. 88 4372. 31 ROA (%) 12. 4 9. 5 9. 53 PM (%) 10. 4 8. 72 8. 05 Firm Strategy One of the Mattel’s primary strength is that the company is the leading brand named leading toy company in the toy industry. Ever since Mattel started its business, the company always produced high-quality and consumer-loved products. Mattel has plenty of name brands products that are very popular among the customers. Mattel’s brand name recognition stared in 1959 when the company first introduced the famous doll, Barbie. Other products, Hot Wheels, Fisher Price, and NASCAR also are very popular products and behind the huge success of Mattel. In order to continue making the high-quality products Mattel’s main focus is to keep doing what the company is doing and find out what the customers’ want and desire by research and development. Mattel’s main goal is to maximize production efficiency while minimizing the risks, controlling expenses, and maintaining flexibility. In order to focus on that strategy, Mattel has decided to use the third party manufacturers to produce its non-core products. Slowly, Mattel has been moving its manufacturing to countries like China, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, and many other developing countries. As Mattel has contracts with thousand of vendors in those countries, the company does not need to rely on a single manufacturer. However, this strategy may not convey quality assurance of the products and also raise concerns over safety regulations. Due to substandard safety measures revolving toy designing and manufacturing in China, Mattel has been facing some tough challenges. During 2007, Mattel has made five recalls of over 21 million toys are made in China due to the excessive lead paints on toys and having loose magnets that normally impose danger to the children while playing with them. These loose magnets and lead paint can easily be consumed by the children. These recent recalls started to hurt the image of the company and as well as the reputations of the company. Sales in some areas started declining, however, the total revenues of the company is increasing than the previous year. Possible Options As we have detected causes of the problems, we need to come up with alternative solutions to solve the problems. There are some alternative strategies Mattel can apply in order to stay on the of the toy industry. Possible alternatives include rebuilding strategy, and manufacturing in United States. Option 1: Rebuilding Strategy: Mattel should focus on rebuilding strategy. The company needs to rebuild the consumer trust in toys, rebuild the trust of the industry, and as well as the trust of China. Accountability and responsibility required strongly to repair the image. Denial and accusations will just hurt the image of the company more as it could bring counter attack by the accused. Option 2: Manufacturing in United States: Mattel may decide to move its manufacturing back to United States as they are facing many problems in foreign countries. However, this strategy will be really costly to Mattel financially. Also, it will harm the relationship with foreign countries. Therefore, rebuilding strategy is strongly recommended. Recommendations and Implementations During the crisis management, accountability and responsibility is very important to maintain the reputations and sales of the company. Admit the wrongdoing, instead of throwing blame on China. Blaming China will just hurt the relationship with the Government China. Mattel, Inc. is also required to change its strategy to address the concerns in design, manufacturing, quality control, and safety assurance of the products. In order to implement the rebuilding strategy, Mattel needs to take some of the important steps. The company needs to be open and truthful. Confess to wrongdoing is a great tool to start re-establishing the trust. The company also needs to focus on communicating with the consumers to address their needs. For better standard safety measures, Mattel should hire a third party for sudden inspections of the products in manufacturing facilities. The company should maintain its current strategy and continue outsourcing in China where it could focus on expanding product lines. The company may also incorporate with established manufacturing facilities where they have standard quality control and strong safety measures. Most importantly, the company needs to focus on more modifying the safety operations in facilities by inspecting standards of production and examining the materials that are supplied by third-parties. October 26, 2010 Robert D. Katz Ishaque Mohammed Ibrahim Mattel’s Case Memo Executive Summary: California-based Mattel, Inc. is well-known to the world for making the high-quality and brand-name recognized products. Recently, the Mattel Company recalled millions of products that are mostly made in China for the safety concerns that raised many questions about the sustainability of the company’s products. Due to these recent recalls, now Mattel is totally aware of the perils of manufacturing in developing countries, where the safety measures and working environment were totally unacceptable. The purpose of this case analysis is to understand the problems that occurred and how Mattel will come to solutions to solve them. This case analysis will review the problems Mattel is facing, analyze firm strategy by using SWOT, and recommend alternative strategies to solve the problems and best way for Mattel to proceed successfully in the future. How to cite Mattel Toy Recalls, Papers

Modern Leadership Styles and Culture

Question: Identify at least fourminority leaders (in any industry) that exhibit traits from each modern leadership style. First, construct a matrix (chart) that lists each of the leaders on the y-axis and the four modern leadership styles across the x-axis. Provide concrete, evidence-based examples (found in press releases, news articles, websites, etc.) of traits from these leadership styles for each leader and add them to the matrix. Add this matrix to your paper following the introduction section? Answer: Introduction Work place environment in any Organization might involve various styles of leadership and work styles. There are various advantages and disadvantages associated with these individual styles. The culture and the objectives of an Organization determine the type of leadership style which suits a specific Organization (Martin, J. E., Sinclair, R. R., Lelchook, A. M., Wittmer, J. S., Charles, K. E 2012). Various Organizations offer specific leadership styles within their Organizations dependent on the essential tasks which they have to complete in the departments. In this article we would evaluate different leadership styles and its traits which have an effect on the Organizational Culture (Wang, D., Waldman, D. A., Zhang, Z (2014). There has been a considerable research which was conducted by Burns (1978) and Bass (1990) related to the formal concepts of transformational leadership. The research was also joined by Tichy and Devanna (1986) who have contributed to the research in a considerable way. The critical factors which were found during the research were transformational leadership occurs in situations where the leaders broaden their scope and motivate their employees to enhance their skills. Such situations happen when a specific level of awareness is created and felt within the Organization within the employee base (Dulebohn, J. H., Bommer, W. H., Liden, R. C., Brouer, R. L., Ferris, G. R (2012). In some situations leadership can serve as a continual process with two factors associated with it like the transactional leadership and transformational leadership Bass (1990) has conducted studies which confirmed that transactional leadership is a process which takes place when leaders give out rewards to the peers in their Organization. The entire process usually happens in concurrence with the Management of an Organization. A Transactional Leader as per Daft (2002) recognises various needs of the followers and decides the exchange process for achieving those needs (Tracey and Hinkin 1998). In a process of exchange transaction the leader and the follower benefit to a great extent. Transactional Leadership is dependent bureaucratic authority where its main focus is on task delivery and it also focusses on rewards. The forms of leadership are different in their own ways even in respect to transformational ways of leadership and transactional ways. The two ways of leadership complement each other in their own ways. Transformation leadership differs from transactional leadership where it is related to progress and development. Transformational leadership also enhances the ability of transactional leadership on its followers (Bass 1985b). Transformational Leadership however acts in an explicit way where it helps in transforming the values of its implementers in order to provide the required growth to an Organization. This type of leadership focusses on building trust in relationships and establishing a culture filled with trust based on which vision of the Organization can be shared (Bass, 1985a). There are four major types of behaviours which constitute transformational leadership like Influence based on ideology Motivation which can elevate people Stimulation filled with intellectual thoughts Consideration of all the individuals Servant Leadership Robert Greenleaf (1904 1990) has conducted a considerable research on servant leadership and in his opinion leadership should necessarily be focussed on others than on individual self. The role of a leader in this context becomes that of a servant. Self interest is teamed with this type of a leadership however it should not be used as an enhancement to create a superior level of motivation (Greenleaf 1977). The primary objective of this type of leadership is to serve others and achieve the needs of others. This should be the optimal motive of leadership. Servant Leaders develop people, help them strive, provide vision and achieve the trust from its followers (Farling et al., 1999). The servant leadership is a well known concept of leadership where it is a practical model of leadership (Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., Xanthopoulou, D 2011). Transformational Leadership Attributes Servant Leadership Attributes Charismatic influence Levels of motivation and influence A proper vision Vision centricity Respect and Trust Trust Ethics Credibility in terms of a brand Integrity Skills Ability to share risk Delegation Authority Honesty and Respect Transformational Leadership model and Servant Leadership model have various characteristics in common as they are people oriented leadership styles. These leadership styles emphasise on the respect which they can offer people. The Servant Leaders gain influence in a non - traditional way. In implementing this type of a leadership they allow the extra freedom for the departmental employees to implement their skills based on their individual abilities. This method also enables them to place the extra trust in their followers than in any other case of the leadership. The striking difference between these varied styles of leadership is that the servant leadership model focusses on the type of service which is given to their followers. The Transformational Leader is someone who exhibits his nature of concern for enabling the followers to participate and support the Organizational Objectives (Morrison, E. W 2011). In an ethical model of leadership apart from such styles being implemented they are also influenced by the various values of conduct (Tracey and Hinkin 1998). Traits which these Leaders exhibit Idealized Influence Transformational Leaders are the trend setters and they have created a respect in the world for themselves. The Followers of such Leaders relate their potential ideas with those of the others and they would implement them in various ways. Inspirational Motivation Most of the Leaders behave in various methods as they follow various styles of leadership and in a way they contribute by generating motivation to the others and also help in instilling motivation in various sets of people. They are also knownS for communicating expectations and they also exhibit objective oriented vision. Intellectual Stimulation Transformational Leaders actively participate in giving new ideas for implementing their ideologies. These leaders are known for motivating others and they never criticise anyone publicly. Individualised Consideration Transformational Leaders are concerned about the needs of others for developing the potential of others. These leaders establish a culture which is supportive and can avoid any individual differences and concerns (Bass 1998). Issues related to minorities (based on gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation) Variations in social and cultural contexts in terms of lived experiences of the leaders and the followers in any community or an organization have a great influence on the nature of the leadership. There are various lived experiences related to race, discrimination, age, culture and gender within various communities especially the minorities. The cultural affiliated groups result in most of the domination amongst the minority status across various social identities. These differences result in the increase of issues related to power and privilege or status which has posed several barriers in the past amongst leader from various diverse social communities (Fassinger, Shullman, Stevenson 2010). Research conducted by Eagly Carlis (2007) has suggested that gender does not influence the exercise of leadership. There is quite a difference between women leader role and leadership roles which has led to various judicial appraisals of women leaders than the men (Eagly Karau 2002). Most of the leadership studies have confirmed that inclusive of diverse leaders the women leaders are treated as special cases than treating them as potential sources for theorizing them as critical social contexts (Ospina Foldy 2009). Many a times even race has been considered as a factor to create political issues amongst the minority communities. Minority Leaders and their leadership styles - Matrix Chart Four Leaders whom we chose are Winston Churchill, Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks and they are known to possess some unique leadership qualities. Charismatic Leadership Winston Churchill was a leader where people had immense trust in him because he was the one who led well with a direct attitude. He was always honest about the situation and he has always managed to explain things to his team with a lot of clarity. His team was greatly attracted to him. Transformational and Servant Abraham Lincoln was an exemplary Leader where his opinion is a lot different from the lessons of leadership. Lincolns Leadership was constitutional where he has practiced governing with respect to forms which is governing as per rules and processes. He cared about the policies than the outcomes in various cases. Being self restraint is one of the main policies of Lincoln. He has always managed to leave some of the cases out of political control. In a way the leadership style of Lincoln is almost transformational and ethical as he had a charismatic influence and a great trust on his people. Transformational Martin Luther King Jr. was a leader who had a distinct ability where he had a great support of his people in terms of sharing his vision however was sure that they wouldnt talk in front of him. He has always motivated people to act on their beliefs and stand up for themselves. He has gone around and has given speeches to people in order to motivate them in the right sense and he has never asked his people to follow him (Tracey, J.B. and Hinkin, T.R 1998). Ethical The Ethical Leaders are those who dont talk about much however they are inspiring about people, their practices, their lives and their beliefs (Ardichvili, A., Mitchell, J.A., Jondle, D 2009). These are the leaders who respond to situations and they feel responsible about a situation and they respond to it. They gain a lot of followers through these actions who can inspire others to follow their practices and implement them (Bowers, D. G 1963). Rose Parks was a woman who knew to stand up for herself and she has always stood for her rights. A small example is where she didnt give up her seat as she was tired after a tough day though she was asked to get up. She became known as an international icon as she had the bravery to stand up for herself. Need for diversity in organizational leadership, factoring in organizational culture, ethics, and leading diverse workforces Work place diversity is a factor which almost all the Companies should have if they would like to have social, economic, political and cultural advantages. Diversity conveys a sense of understanding and accepting the values and cultural differences of people belonging to various communities irrespective of their age, gender, class, physical and mental ability (Esty, Griffin, and Schorr-Hirsh, 1995). By setting the proper ground for diversity in an Organization the companies would interact at a different level with their employees and their Clients. This helps increase the creativity in the employees which would enhance the spirit of motivation in order to perform high and would also increase their productivity (Ardichvili, A., Mitchell, J.A., Jondle, D 2009). This type of an attitude is suitable for all the Organizations and Communities where they can overcome any issues related to gender, race, age and class. By being open to diverse cultures and diversity in all aspects people can learn new languages, skills, cultural differences and customer managing ability which would help them achieve greater heights in their life (Eagly, A. H., Johnson, B. T. (1990). The Organizations which dont focus on diversity in their work environment find themselves less attractive to the other vendors or competitors which might slower their growth process. In order to avoid such situations the Organizations should cultivate a new working style where they attract and retain all types of skills and employees with diverse backgrounds in order to achieve a higher growth. References Bass, B.M. (1985a) Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations, The Free Press, New York, NY. Bass, B.M. (1985a) Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations, The Free Press, New York, NY. Bass, B.M. (1990a) Bass and Stogdills Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications, 3rd ed., The Free Press, New York, NY. Burns, J.M. (1978) Leadership, Harper Row Publishers, New York, NY Daft, R.L. (2002) The Leadership Experience, South-Western, Mason, OH. Dulebohn, J. H., Bommer, W. H., Liden, R. C., Brouer, R. L., Ferris, G. R (2012). A meta analysis of antecedents and consequences of leader-member exchange: Integrating the past with an eye toward the future. Journal of Management, 38, 17151759. Esty, K., Griffin, R. and Schorr-Hirsh, M. (1995) Workplace diversity. A managers guide to solving problems and turning diversity into a competitive advantage. Avon, MA: Adams Media Corporation. Farling, M.L., Stone, A.G. and Winston, B.E. (1999) Servant leadership: setting the stage for empirical research, The Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 6 No. 1/2, pp. 49-72. Greenleaf, R.K. (1977) Servant Leadership: A Journey into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness, Paulist Press, New York, NY Gregory Stone Graduate School of Business, Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 61135. Kathleen Patterson School of Leadership Studies, Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA Robert F. Russell Department of Business Administration, Emory and Henry College, Emory, Virginia, USA Schneider, S. K., George, W. M (2011). Servant leadership versus transformational leadership in voluntary service organizations. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 32, 6077. Tichy, N.M. and Devanna, M.A. (1986) The Transformational Leader: The Key to Global Competitiveness, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, NY. Wang, D., Waldman, D. A., Zhang, Z (2014). A meta-analysis of shared leadership and team effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99, 181198. doi:10.1037/a0034531 Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., Xanthopoulou, D (2011). Do transformational leaders enhance their followers' daily work engagement? The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 121131. Tracey, J.B. and Hinkin, T.R. (1998) Transformational leadership or effective managerial practices?, Group Organization Management, Vol. 23, pp. 220-36. Eagly, A. H., Carli, L. I. (2007) Throught the labyrinth: The truth about how women become leaders. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press Eagly, A. H., Karau, S. J. (2002) Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573-598. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573 Fassinger, R. E., Shullman, S. L., Stevenson, M. R. (2010) Toward an affirmative lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender leadership paradigm. American Psychologist, 65, 201-215 Martin, J. E., Sinclair, R. R., Lelchook, A. M., Wittmer, J. S., Charles, K. E (2012). Non-standard work schedules and retention in the entry-level hourly workforce. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85, 122. Morrison, E. W. (2011). Employee voice behavior: Integration and directions for future research. The Academy of Management Annals, 5, 373412. Ardichvili, A., Mitchell, J.A., Jondle, D. (2009) Characteristics of ethical business cultures.Journal of Business Ethics, 85(4), 445-451. Ayman, R., Korabik, K., Morris, S. (2009) Is transformational leadership always perceived as effective? Male subordinates' devaluation of female transformational leaders.Journal of Applied Psychology, 39(4), 852-879. Bowers, D. G. (1963) Self-esteem and the diffusion of leadership style.Journal of Applied Psychology, 47(2), 135-140. Eagly, A. H., Johnson, B. T. (1990) Gender and leadership style: A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 233-256. Wegener, J (2013) Leadership Styles of Famous Leaders, https://bus.wisc.edu/bba/mybiz/blog/2013/11/21/leadership-styles-of-famous-leaders, retrieved on 18th Mar 2016.